Mycotoxins are a diverse group of naturally occurring toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi such as Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Alternaria. They represent one of the most pervasive challenges to agriculture, particularly to animal nutrition, as they compromise feed safety and animal performance across all regions of the world. These compounds frequently contaminate a wide range of agricultural commodities, including cereal grains, forages and stored feed ingredients, both pre- and post-harvest. Their resilience to environmental changes, resistance to standard feed processing, and ability to persist across diverse commodities mean they remain a constant risk. The economic impact of mycotoxins extends beyond immediate animal health problems, creating long-term losses due to reduced productivity, impaired fertility, suppressed immunity, and decreased efficiency of nutrient utilisation. Over the past few decades, the issue has become even more complex, with producers increasingly facing multiple co-occurring toxins and emerging fungal metabolites not captured in traditional monitoring systems.










